Johns Hopkins Medicine scientists have discovered that a protein called CSE, which produces tiny amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas in the brain, is critical for memory and may protect against Alzheimer's disease. In a new study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers showed that mice genetically engineered to lack CSE developed memory loss, brain damage, and other hallmarks of Alzheimer's, including a weakened blood-brain barrier and reduced formation of new neurons.
The Research
Led by Bindu Paul, M.S., Ph.D., associate professor at Johns Hopkins, the team studied mice that were missing the CSE enzyme. At two months old, these mice performed normally on a spatial memory test called the Barnes maze. But by six months, they struggled to find a hidden shelter, while normal mice continued to succeed. “The decline in spatial memory indicates a progressive onset of neurodegenerative disease that we can attribute to CSE loss,” says first author Suwarna Chakraborty.
Examining the brain tissue, the researchers found increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and weakened blood-brain barrier integrity—all features commonly seen in Alzheimer's. The hippocampus, a region critical for learning and memory, showed reduced formation of new neurons. Earlier work by co-corresponding author Solomon Snyder, M.D., D.Sc., D.Phil., had linked CSE to brain health in Huntington's disease. This new study isolates CSE’s role, showing that its absence alone triggers Alzheimer’s-like changes.
Why It Matters
Hydrogen sulfide is known as a toxic gas, but the body produces it in very small, regulated amounts. The findings suggest that maintaining these low levels is essential for brain health. Because directly delivering hydrogen sulfide to the brain is unsafe, researchers are exploring ways to boost CSE activity instead. “This most recent work indicates that CSE alone is a major player in cognitive function and could provide a new avenue for treatment pathways in Alzheimer’s disease,” Snyder says.
What You Can Do
While this research is still in early stages, it highlights the importance of supporting your brain’s natural protective systems. Eating a balanced diet rich in antioxidants (like berries and leafy greens) may help reduce oxidative stress. Staying physically active and mentally engaged—through puzzles, learning new skills, or brain training—supports neurogenesis and memory.
Source: ScienceDaily Mind & Brain
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